The Pyramid essays

The Pyramid essays To the northwest of the river basin of Mexico the valley of Teotihuacn delimited to the north by the Fat Hill is opened before us, to the south by Patlachique, the east by the level ones of Apam and it extends towards the west on the same river basin. The formation of the valley, like the rest of the river basin, is of volcanic origin, reason for which the lava outcrops are common. Although today the valley is deforested in its totality, exists information on an atmosphere of forests that in addition were rich in fauna. The climate, is considered, was warm humid. Teotihuacn influences and participates in very important way in all the regions of Mesoamrica and at the same time incorporates important characteristics of its architecture; it is by that the teptihuacano style will extend, as it is observed later in Tula, Xochicalco, the Tajà ­n, Cholula, Cacaxtla and Mexico-Tenochtitlan. The religion that reigned in Teotihuacan era of politeà ­sta type, and their main Gods were Tlaloc and Quetzalcatl. Tlaloc was the God of rain, according to the mexica culture, but in Teotihuacan, the possibility that exists it had had greater attributes. In some studies, it is speculated on that Tlaloc could have been not only one deity related to rain, but also with the Earth, because both elements have to do with agriculture, that it was the base of all sedentary town; these hypotheses are based on the following thing: Tlaloc is a Nahuatl word that probably derives from the word tlatoa, that means "to run" and for that reason its relation with water torrents, but the expert Thalma Sullivan explains that Tlaloc has more affinity with the term tlalli, that means "earth". The representation that for of Tlaloc has been the one of being with anthropomorphous characteristics and animals, of great eyes and bulging, adorned with a hairdo of pens, with the superior part of its face in fo rm of bird and eyeteeth in the mouth, a...

Battle of Corregidor, 1942 - World War II

Battle of Corregidor, 1942 - World War II The Battle of Corregidor was fought May 5-6, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) and was the last major engagement of the Japanese conquest of the Philippines. A fortress island, Corregidor commanded access to Manila Bay and housed a multitude of batteries. With the Japanese invasion in 1941, American and Filipino forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor to await assistance from abroad. While fighting raged along the Bataan line in early 1942, Corregidor served as the headquarters for General Douglas MacArthur until he was ordered to leave for Australia in March. With the peninsulas fall in April, the Japanese shifted their attention to capturing Corregidor. Landing on May 5, Japanese forces overcame fierce resistance before compelling the garrison to capitulate. As part of the Japanese terms, Lieutenant General Jonathan Wainwright was made to surrender all American forces in the Philippines. Fast Facts: Battle of Corregidor (1942) Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Dates: May 5-6, 1942Armies Commanders:AlliesLieutenant General Jonathan WainwrightBrigadier General Charles F. MooreColonel Samuel Howard13,000 menJapanLieutenant General Masaharu HommaMajor General Kureo TanaguchiMajor General Kizon Mikami75,000 menCasualties:Allies: 800 killed, 1,000 wounded, and 11,000 capturedJapanese: 900 killed, 1,200 wounded Background Located in Manila Bay, just south of the Bataan Peninsula, Corregidor served as a key element in the Allied defensive plans for the Philippines in the years after World War I. Officially designated Fort Mills, the small island was shaped like a tadpole and was heavily fortified with numerous coastal batteries which mounted 56 guns of various sizes. The wide western end of the island, known as Topside, contained most of the islands guns, while barracks and support facilities were located on a plateau to the east known as Middleside. Further east was Bottomside which contained the town of San Jose as well as dock facilities (Map). Looming over this area was Malinta Hill which housed an array of fortified tunnels. The main shaft ran east-west for 826 feet and possessed 25 lateral tunnels. These housed the offices for General Douglas MacArthurs headquarters as well as storage areas. Connected to this system was a second set of tunnels to the north which contained a 1,000-bed hospital and medical facilities for the garrison (Map). General Douglas MacArthur, 1945. Library of Congress Further to the east, the island tapered to a point where an airfield was located. Due the perceived strength of Corregidors defenses, it was dubbed the Gibraltar of the East. Supporting Corregidor, were three other facilities around Manila Bay: Fort Drum, Fort Frank, and Fort Hughes. With the beginning of the Philippines Campaign in December 1941, these defenses were led by Major General George F. Moore. The Japanese Land Following smaller landings earlier in the month, Japanese forces came ashore in force at Luzons Lingayen Gulf on December 22. Though attempts were made to hold the enemy on the beaches, these efforts failed and by nightfall the Japanese were safely ashore. Recognizing that the enemy could not be pushed back, MacArthur implemented War Plan Orange 3 on December 24. This called for some American and Filipino forces to assume blocking positions while the remainder withdrew to a defensive line on the Bataan Peninsula to the west of Manila. To oversee operations, MacArthur shifted his headquarters to the Malinta Tunnel on Corregidor. For this, he was derisively nicknamed Dugout Doug by the troops fighting on Bataan. Allied anti-aircraft gunners on Corregidor, 1941/2. Photograph Courtesy of the US Army Over the next several days, efforts were made to shift supplies and resources to the peninsula with the goal of holding out until reinforcements could arrive from the United States. As the campaign progressed, Corregidor first came under attack on December 29 when Japanese aircraft began a bombing campaign against the island. Lasting for several days, these raids destroyed many of the buildings on the island including the Topside and Bottomside barracks as well as the US Navys fuel depot (Map). Preparing Corregidor In January, the air raids diminished and efforts commenced to enhance the islands defenses. While fighting raged on Bataan, the defenders of Corregidor, consisting largely of Colonel Samuel L. Howards 4th Marines and elements of several other units, endured siege conditions as food supplies slowly dwindled. As the situation on Bataan deteriorated, MacArthur received orders from President Franklin Roosevelt to leave the Philippines and escape to Australia. Initially refusing, MacArthur was convinced by his chief of staff to go. Departing on the night of March 12, 1942, he turned over command in the Philippines to Lieutenant General Jonathan Wainwright. Traveling by PT boat to Mindanao, MacArthur and his party then flew to Australia on a B-17 Flying Fortress. Back in the Philippines, efforts to resupply Corregidor largely failed as ships were intercepted by the Japanese. Prior to its fall, only one vessel, the MV Princessa, successfully eluded the Japanese and reached the island with provisions. As the position on Bataan neared collapse, around 1,200 men were shifted to Corregidor from the peninsula. With no alternatives remaining, Major General Edward King was forced to surrender Bataan on April 9. Having secured Bataan, Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma turned his attention to capturing Corregidor and eliminating enemy resistance around Manila. On April 28, Major General Kizon Mikamis 22nd Air Brigade began an aerial offensive against the island. A Desperate Defense Shifting artillery to the southern part of Bataan, Homma began a relentless bombardment of the island on May 1. This continued until May 5 when Japanese troops under Major General Kureo Tanaguchi boarded landing craft to assault Corregidor. Just before midnight, an intense artillery barrage hammered the area between North and Cavalry Points near the islands tail. Storming the beach, the initial wave of 790 Japanese infantry met fierce resistance and was hampered by oil which had washed ashore on Corregidors beaches from the numerous ships sunk in the area. Hospital in the Malinta Tunnel, Corregidor. US Army Though American artillery exacted a heavy toll on the landing fleet, the troops on the beach succeeded in gaining a foothold after making effective use of Type 89 grenade dischargers known as knee mortars. Fighting heavy currents, the second Japanese attack attempted to land further east. Hit hard as they came ashore, the assaulting forces lost most of their officers early in the fighting was largely repulsed by the 4th Marines. The survivors then shifted west to join with the first wave. Struggling inland, the Japanese began to make some gains and by 1:30 AM on May 6 had captured Battery Denver. Becoming a focal point of the battle, the 4th Marines quickly moved to recover the battery. Heavy fighting ensued which became hand-to-hand but ultimately saw the Japanese slowly overwhelm the Marines as reinforcements arrived from the mainland. The Island Falls With the situation desperate, Howard committed his reserves around 4:00 AM. Moving forward, approximately 500 Marines were slowed by Japanese snipers which had infiltrated through the lines. Though suffering from ammunition shortages, the Japanese took advantage of their superior numbers and continued to press the defenders. Around 5:30 AM, approximately 880 reinforcements landed in the island and moved to support the initial assault waves. Four hours later, the Japanese succeeded in landing three tanks on the island. These proved key in driving the defenders back to concrete trenches near the entrance to the Malinta Tunnel. With over 1,000 helpless wounded in the Tunnels hospital and expecting additional Japanese forces to land on the island, Wainwright began to contemplate surrender. Surrender of American troops at Corregidor, Philippine Islands, May 1942. Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives Records Administration Aftermath Meeting with his commanders, Wainwright saw no other option but to capitulate. Radioing Roosevelt, Wainwright stated, There is a limit of human endurance, and that point has long been passed. While Howard burned the 4th Marines colors to prevent capture, Wainwright sent emissaries to discuss terms with Homma. Though Wainwright only wished to surrender the men on Corregidor, Homma insisted that he surrender all remaining US and Filipino forces in the Philippines. Concerned about those US forces that had already been captured as well as those on Corregidor, Wainwright saw little choice but comply with this order. As a result, large formations such as Major General William Sharps Visayan-Mindanao Force were forced to surrender without having played a role in the campaign. Though Sharp complied with the surrender order, many of his men continued to battle the Japanese as guerillas. The fighting for Corregidor saw Wainwright lose around 800 killed, 1,000 wounded, and 11,000 captured. Japanese losses numbered 900 killed and 1,200 wounded. While Wainwright was imprisoned in Formosa and Manchuria for the remainder of the war, his men were taken to prison camps around the Philippines as well as used for slave labor in other parts of the Japanese Empire. Corregidor remained under Japanese control until Allied forces liberated the island in February 1945. USS Claxton provides fire support during the Battle of Corregidor (1945). Photograph Courtesy of the US Government